Is there COVID Spike Protein Accumulation in the Skull-Meninges Brain Axis: Are there Potential Implications for Long-Term Neurological Complications in post-COVID-19? Yes! From virus & infer vaccine

mouse models & human post-mortem tissues: results revealed accumulation of spike protein in skull marrow, brain meninges & brain parenchyma; injection of spike protein alone caused brain cell death

SOURCE:

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2023/04/05/2023.04.04.535604.full.pdf

‘utilized mouse models and human post-mortem tissues to investigate the presence and distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the skull-meninges-brain axis. Our results revealed the accumulation of the spike protein in the skull marrow, brain meninges, and brain parenchyma. The injection of the spike protein alone caused cell death in the brain, highlighting a direct effect on brain tissue. Furthermore, we observed the presence of spike protein in the skull of deceased long after their COVID-19 infection, suggesting that the spike’s persistence may contribute to long-term neurological symptoms. The spike protein was associated with neutrophil-related pathways and dysregulation of the proteins involved in the PI3K-AKT as well as complement and coagulation pathway. Overall, our findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein trafficking from CNS borders into the brain parenchyma and identified differentially regulated pathways may present insights into mechanisms underlying immediate and long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 and present diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.’